气缸的技术参数
1)气缸的输出力 气缸理论输出力的设计计算与液压缸类似,可参见液压缸的设计计 算.如双作用单活塞杆气缸推力计算如下: 理论推力(活塞杆伸出) Ft1=A1p (13-1) 理论拉力(活塞杆缩回) Ft2=A2p 式中 (13-2) Ft1,Ft2——气缸理论输出力(N) ; A1,A2——无杆腔,有杆腔活塞面积(m2) ; p — 气缸工作压力(Pa) . 实际中, 由于活塞等运动部件的惯性力以及密封等部分的摩擦力, 活塞杆的实际输出力 小于理论推力,称这个推力为气缸的实际输出力.
气缸的效率 η 是气缸的实际推力和理论推力的比值,即 F η= Ft (13-3) 所以 F = η ( A1 p ) 气缸的效率取决于密封的种类,气缸内表面和活塞杆加工的状态及润滑状态.此外,气 缸的运动速度,排气腔压力,外载荷状况及管道状态等都会对效率产生一定的影响.
2) 负载率β 从对气缸运行特性的研究可知, 要精确确定气缸的实际输出力是困难的. 于是在研究气缸性能和确定气缸的出力时,常用到负载率的概念.气缸的负载率β定义为 β= 气缸的实际负载 F × 100 % 气缸的理论输出力 Ft (l3-5) 气缸的实际负载是由实际工况所决定的,若确定了气缸负载率 θ,则由定义就能确定气 缸的理论输出力,从而可以计算气缸的缸径. 对于阻性负载,如气缸用作气动夹具,负载不产生惯性力,一般选取负载率β为 0.8; 对于惯性负载,如气缸用来推送工件,负载将产生惯性力,负载率β的取值如下 β<0.65 当气缸低速运动,v <100 mm/s 时; β<0.5 当气缸中速运动,v=100～500 mm/s 时; β<0.35 当气缸高速运动,v >500 mm/s 时.
3)气缸耗气量 气缸的耗气量是活塞每分钟移动的容积,称这个容积为压缩空气耗气 量,一般情况下,气缸的耗气量是指自由空气耗气量. 4)气缸的特性 气缸的特性分为静态特性和动态特性.气缸的静态特性是指与缸的输 出力及耗气量密切相关的zui低工作压力,zui高工作压力,摩擦阻力等参数.气缸的动态特性 是指在气缸运动过程中气缸两腔内空气压力,温度,活塞速度,位移等参数随时间的变化情 况.它能真实地反映气缸的工作性能. 四,气缸的选型及计算 1.气缸的选型步骤 气缸的选型应根据工作要求和条件, 正确选择气缸的类型. 下面以单活塞杆双作用缸为 例介绍气缸的选型步骤. (1)气缸缸径.根据气缸负载力的大小来确定气缸的输出力,由此计算出气缸的缸径. (2)气缸的行程.气缸的行程与使用的场合和机构的行程有关,但一般不选用满行程. (3)气缸的强度和稳定性计算 (4)气缸的安装形式.气缸的安装形式根据安装位置和使用目的等因素决定.一般情况 下,采用固定式气缸.在需要随工作机构连续回转时(如车床,磨床等) ,应选用回转气缸. 在活塞杆除直线运动外,还需作圆弧摆动时,则选用轴销式气缸.有特殊要求时,应选用相 应的特种气缸. (5)气缸的缓冲装置.根据活塞的速度决定是否应采用缓冲装置. (6)磁性开关.当气动系统采用电气控制方式时,可选用带磁性开关的气缸. (7)其它要求.如气缸工作在有灰尘等恶劣环境下,需在活塞杆伸出端安装防尘罩. 要求无污染时需选用无给油或无油润滑气缸. 2.气缸直径计算 气缸直径的设计计算需根据其负载大小,运行速度和系统工作压力来决定.首先,根据 气缸安装及驱动负载的实际工况,分析计算出气缸轴向实际负载 F,再由气缸平均运行速度 来选定气缸的负载率 θ,初步选定气缸工作压力(一般为 0.4 MPa～0.6 MPa) ,再由 F/θ, 计算出气缸理论出力 Ft, zui后计算出缸径及杆径, 并按标准圆整得到实际所需的缸径和杆径. 例题 气缸推动工件在水平导轨上运动.已知工件等运动件质量为 m=250 kg,工件与 导轨间的摩擦系数 =0.25,气缸行程 s 为 400 mm,经 1.5 s 时间工件运动到位,系统 工作压力 p = 0.4 MPa,试选定气缸直径. 解:气缸实际轴向负载 F = mg =0.25 × 250 × 9.81=613.13 N 气缸平均速度 s 400 v= = ≈ 267 mm/s t 1.5 选定负载率 θ =0.5 则气缸理论输出力 F1 = F 双作用气缸理论推力 θ = 613.13 = 1226.6 N 0.5 1 F1 = πD 2 p 4 气缸直径 按标准选定气缸缸径为 63 mm. D= 4 Ft 4 ×1226.3 = ≈ 62.48 mm πp 3.14 × 0.4

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